HyperNotes
Related Resources on the World Wide Web

General Hypernotes

Dictionaries and Glossaries

A glossary of oceanography and the related geosciences is provided by S. Baum, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University.

A glossary of climatology and related sciences is provided by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

A glossary of oceanography is provided by Classroom BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study).

Web Collections, References, and Resource Lists

The WWW Virtual Library of Paleoclimatology and Paleoceanography, maintained by P. Farrar, includes links to academic institutions, data archives, tutorials, and other resources.

The WWW Virtual Library of Oceanography is maintained by D. Stevens, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

The Yahoo Directory provides a collection of oceanography Internet resources.

The Google Directory provides links to Web resources on paleogeography and paleoclimatology and global change.

The NOAA Paleoclimatology Program provides a collection of Internet links.

The Digital Library for Earth System Education provides links to Internet educational resources.

Online Texts and Lecture Notes

Fundamentals of Physical Geography is a Web textbook provided by M. Pidwirny, Department of Geography, Okanagan University College, Kelowna, BC, Canada.

Planet Earth and the New Geosciences is a hypermedia textbook by V. Schmidt and W. Harbert, Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh. A chapter on the physical and chemical makeup of the oceans is included.

D. Fox, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, provides lecture notes for an Earth history course.

S. Hurst, Department of Geology, University of Illinois, offers lecture notes for a geology course on the oceans.

The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, provides lecture notes for a course on the climate system.

The Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, makes available lecture notes for a course on marine sciences. A presentation on open ocean chemistry is included.

W. Berger, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego provides lecture notes for a course on Earth's climate system and climate change. A climate change glossary is provided.

The University of Michigan's Global Change Curriculum offers lecture notes on the physical processes of global change.

E. Thomas, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, provides notes on paleoceanography.

D. Burdige, Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, provides lecture notes in PDF format for a course on global environmental change. Lecture notes on the evolution of the oceans are included.

General Reports and Articles

Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis is made available by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

NASA's Earth Observatory makes available an article by D. Herring titled "Oceans and climate."

The January 2000 issue of Scientific American had an article by P. Hoffman and D. Schrag titled "The Snowball Earth."

P. Hoffman, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, makes available in PDF format a review article (Terra Nova, vol. 14, p. 129, 2002) by P. Hoffman and D. Schrag titled "The Snowball Earth hypothesis: Testing the limits of global change" (2).

The 15 February 2000 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences had an article by J. Kirschvink et al. titled "Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences."

The 10 July 1998 issue of Science (a special issue on ocean chemistry and biology) had a review by P. Falkowski, R. Barber, and V. Smetacek titled "Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production."

The 13 October 2000 issue of Science had a review by P. Falkowski et al. titled "The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of Earth as a system."

Numbered Hypernotes

1. "The silver blaze" (1) by Arthur Conan Doyle is available in the collection of Doyle stories provided by the University of Adelaide Library's eBooks@Adelaide Web page.

2. Snowball Earth. An entry about Snowball Earth is included in the Wikipedia online encyclopedia. Deep Freeze is a Web feature on Snowball Earth by the Public Broadcasting System's Scientific American Frontiers program. Suite101.com offers a three-part article by G. Habiger on Snowball Earth. The 28 August 1998 issue of Science had a report by P. Hoffman, A. Kaufman, G. Halverson, and D. Schrag titled "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth"; the 14 May 1999 issue had a technical comment and response about the research. The 22 August 1998 issue of Science News had an article by R. Monastersky titled "Popsicle planet." The 10 March 2000 issue of Science had a News Focus article by R. Kerr titled "An appealing Snowball Earth that's still hard to swallow." D. Fox offers lecture notes on Rodinia and Snowball Earth for an Earth history course. A student project on Snowball Earth, prepared for a course on the evolution of Earth, is made available by W. Chaisson, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester. R. H. Cummins, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Miami University, OH, makes available a 2002 student project and a 2003 student project on Snowball Earth, prepared for course on climate change.

3. The Neoproterozoic. Wikipedia has entries for the Proterozoic and the Neoproterozoic. A presentation on the Proterozoic Era is provided by the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP). The Palaeos Web site provides a Proterozoic time scale and an introduction to the Precambrian Eon. C. Scotese's PALEOMAP Project offers an introduction to the Late Precambrian with a chart summarizing evolution of atmosphere, climate, and life during the Precambrian. The 16 August 2002 issue of Science had a review by A. D. Anbar and A. H. Knoll titled "Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge?" The June 1997 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences had an article by A. J. Kaufman, A. H. Knoll, and G. M. Narbonne titled "Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic earth history" (7).

4. A. J. Ridgwell and M. J. Kennedy are in the Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside. K. Caldeira is in the Climate and Carbon Cycle Modeling Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.

5. Present-day carbon cycle. The GRID-Arendal Web site of the United Nations Environment Programme illustrates the present carbon cycle. An introduction to the carbon cycle is provided by M. Pidwirny's Fundamentals of Physical Geography. The Woods Hole Research Center offers a presentation on the carbon cycle. NASA's Earth Observatory offers a presentation on the carbon cycle with a section on the modern carbon cycle. Climate Change: The Scientific Basis has sections on terrestrial carbon processes and ocean carbon processes. The November-December 2002 issue of the Harvard Magazine had an sidebar article titled "The ocean carbon cycle." L. Jaeglé, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, offers lecture notes on the carbon cycle for a course on climate and climate change. The November 1999 issue of GSA Today had an article (available in PDF format) by R. Berner titled "A new look at the long-term carbon cycle."

6. Calcium carbonate in the ocean. Calcium carbonate is defined in the Columbia Encyclopedia. A presentation on calcium carbonate precipitation is provided by T. Morris's planetarybiology.com. A presentation on calcium carbonate is provided by the Chemistry: Matter and Change textbook Web site. I. Pujana, Department of Geosciences, University of Texas at Dallas, offers a presentation on the stability of calcium carbonate for a course on the oceans. W. Berger provides lecture notes on carbonates and the marine carbon cycle for a course on Earth's climate system. The Carbon Group at the Alfred Wegener Institute offers a presentation on calcification in the ocean. G. R. Heath, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, offers lecture notes on the seawater carbonate system for a course on marine geological processes. J. Cole, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, provides lecture notes on ocean carbonate chemistry for a course on global change. Z. Sharp, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, makes available (in PDF format) lecture notes on carbonates for a course on stable isotope geochemistry. The 31 May 2002 issue of Science had a Perspective by H. Elderfield titled "Carbonate mysteries."

7. Coccolithophoridae. An introduction to coccolithophorids is provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. NASA's Earth Observatory offers a presentation on coccolithophores. The Micropalaeontology Unit at the Department of Earth Sciences, University College London (UCL), offers information about coccolithophores. A resource page on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is provided by T. Tyrrell, School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, UK; a section on biogeochemical impacts is included.

8. Foraminifera. An introduction to the foraminifera is provided by UCMP. UCL's Micropalaeontology Unit provides a presentation on foraminifera. The Langer Lab in the Department of Paleontology, University of Bonn, offers a presentation on foraminifera with a section on their carbonate production.

9. Weathering. An entry on weathering is included in the Columbia Encyclopedia. M. Pidwirny's Fundamentals of Physical Geography includes a section on weathering. M. Strickler, Rogue Community College, Grants Pass, OR, offers a presentation on weathering for a geology course. S. Nelson, Department of Geology, Tulane University, provides lecture notes on weathering for a physical geology course. B. Bekken, Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Tech, offers lecture notes on weathering for a course on ore deposits.

10. Urey's equation. An entry about Harold Urey is included in E. Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography. A biography of H. C. Urey by J. Arnold, J. Bigeleisen, and C. Hutchison is included in the Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. W. Berger discusses Urey's equation in the lecture note section titled "Why is the atmospheric carbon reservoir so small?" for a course on Earth's climate system. P. Olsen, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, includes a section on the Urey reactions in lecture notes on biogeochemical revolutions for a course on life systems.

11. James C. G. Walker is professor emeritus, Department of Geological Sciences and Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan. An article about Walker appeared in the March 1995 issue of Michigan Today. The cited 1981 Journal of Geophysical Research article (abstract) by J. C. G. Walker, P. B. Hays, and J. F. Kasting was titled "A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of the Earth's surface temperature" (5).

12. Banded iron formations. An illustrated introduction to the banded iron formation is provided by the About Geology Web site. An introduction to banded iron formations is provided by M. Strickler for a geology course. An entry on the banded iron formation is included in the online textbook provided on H. Rance's Geowords Web site. A student presentation on banded iron formations was prepared for W. Chaisson's course on the evolution of Earth. B. Bekken provides lecture notes on banded iron formations for a course on ore deposits.

13. Ice-albedo feedback is defined in S. Baum's glossary of oceanography. The Arctic Coastal Ice Processes Web page offers an introduction to ice-albedo feedback. A section on ice-albedo feedback is included in the lecture notes on radiative forcing prepared for a course on the scientific issues of climate change offered by the School of the Environment, University of Leeds, UK.

14. David Archer is in the Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago.

10.1126/science.1091464
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