Refereed publications in so-called high-impact journals:
- Stute, M., Clement, A., Lohmann, G., 2001: Global climate models: Past, present, and future. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 98, Issue 19, 10529-10530. (pdf), (Abstract of the talk)
- Knorr, G., and G. Lohmann, 2003: Southern Ocean Origin for Resumption of Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation during Deglaciation. Nature, 424, 532-536. Abstract pdf , link , news and views
- Felis, T., G. Lohmann, H. Kuhnert, S. Lorenz, D. Scholz, J. Pätzold, S. A. Al-Rousan, S. M. Al-Moghrabi, 2004: Increased seasonality in Middle East temperatures during the last interglacial period. Nature 429, 164-168. link Nature-link Nature-highlight
- Drysdale, R.N., J.C. Hellstrom, G. Zanchetta, A.E. Fallick, M.F. Sánchez Gõni, I. Couchoud, J. McDonald, R. Maas, G. Lohmann & I. Isola, 2009: Evidence for obliquity forcing of glacial Termination II. Science 325, 1527-1531. DOI: 10.1126/science.1170371 (link) (pdf)
- Laepple, T., M. Werner, and G. Lohmann, 2011: Synchronicity of Antarctic temperatures and local solar insolation on orbital time-scales. Nature, 471, 91–94. doi:10.1038/nature09825 (link, nv) (press)
- Laepple, T., M. Werner, and G. Lohmann, 2011: Reply on "Antarctic accumulation seasonality". Brief communication arising. Nature 479, E2–E4. doi:10.1038/nature10614 (link) (pdf)
- Salzmann, U., A. M. Dolan, A. M. Haywood, W.-L. Chan, D. J. Hill, A. Abe-Ouchi, B. Otto-Bliesner, F. Bragg, M. A. Chandler, C. Contoux, A. Jost, Y. Kamae, G. Lohmann, D. J. Lunt, S. J. Pickering, M. J. Pound, G. Ramstein, N. A. Rosenbloom, L. Sohl, C. Stepanek, H. Ueda, Z. Zhang, 2013: Challenges in quantifying Pliocene terrestrial warming revealed by data-model discord. Nature Climate Change, 3, 969-974, doi:10.1038/nclimate2008 (link)
- Knorr, G., and G. Lohmann, 2014: A warming climate during the Antarctic ice sheet growth at the Middle Miocene transition. Nature Geoscience, 7, 376–381. doi: 10.1038/NGEO2119 (link) (press release AWI) (press release)
- Weber, M. E., Clark, P. U., Kuhn, G., Timmermann, A., Sprenk, D., Gladstone, R., Zhang, X., Lohmann, G., Menviel, L., Chikamoto, M. O., Friedrich, T., Ohlwein, C., 2014: Millennial-scale variability in Antarctic ice-sheet discharge during the last deglaciation. Nature 510, 134–138, doi:10.1038/nature13397 (link) (news and views) (press release in German) (press release) (press release 2)
- Zhang, X., G. Lohmann, G. Knorr, C. Purcell, 2014: Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes. Nature 512, 290–294, DOI: 10.1038/nature13592 (link) (press) (press2)
- Liu, Z., J. Zhu, Y. Rosenthal, X. Zhang, B. Otto-Bliesner, A. Timmermann, R.S. Smith, G. Lohmann, W. Zheng, O. E. Timm, 2014: The Holocene temperature conundrum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 111 no. 34, 3501–3505, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407229111 (link) (press)
- Mudelsee, M., T. Bickert, C. H. Lear, and G. Lohmann, 2014: Cenozoic climate changes: A review based on time series analysis of marine benthic δ18O records, Rev. Geophys., 52, 333-374, doi:10.1002/2013RG000440. (link) (link2) (data)
- Felis, T., C. Giry, D. Scholz, G. Lohmann, M. Pfeiffer, J. Pätzold, M. Kölling, S. R. Scheffers, 2015: Tropical Atlantic temperature seasonality at the end of the last interglacial. Nature Comm. 6:6159; DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7159 (link)
- Winter A., D. Zanchettin, T. Miller, Y. Kushnir, D. Black, G. Lohmann, A. Burnett, G. Haug, J. Estrella-Martínez, S. F.M. Breitenbach, L. Beaufort, A. Rubino, H. Cheng, 2015: Persistent drying in the tropics linked to natural forcing. Nature comm. 6:7627 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8627 (link)
- Abelmann, A., R. Gersonde, G. Knorr, X. Zhang, B. Chapligin, E. Maier, O. Esper, H. Friedrichsen, G. Lohmann, H. Meyer, and R. Tiedemann, 2015: The seasonal sea ice zone in the glacial Southern Ocean as a carbon sink. Nature comm. 6, 8136. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9136 (link) (press release)
- Stein, R., K. Fahl, M. Schreck, G. Knorr, F. Niessen, M. Forwick, C. Gebhardt, L. Jensen, M. Kaminski, A. Kopf, J. Matthiessen, W. Jokat, and G. Lohmann, 2016: Evidence for ice-free summers in the late Miocene central Arctic Ocean. Nature comm. 7, 11148, doi:10.1038/ncomms11148 (link) ( press release) (German press release)
- Wassenburg, J. A., S. Dietrich, J. Fietzke, J. Fohlmeister, K. P. Jochum, D. Scholz, D. K. Richter, A. Sabaoui, C. Spötl, G. Lohmann, M. O. Andreae, A. Immenhauser, 2016: Major reorganization of the North Atlantic Oscillation during Early Holocene deglaciation. Nature Geo, 9, 602 - 605. doi:10.1038/ngeo2767 (link) (German press release) (press release)
- Staerz, M., W. Jokat, G. Knorr, G. Lohmann, 2017: Threshold in North Atlantic-Arctic Ocean circulation controlled by the subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Nature comm. 8, 15681. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15681 (link) (press release) (press release German)
- Zhang, X., G. Knorr, G. Lohmann, S. Barker, 2017: Abrupt North Atlantic circulation changes in response to gradual CO2 forcing in a glacial climate state. Nature Geo. DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2974 (link) (press release) (press release German) (press release German 2) (press release Cardiff) (press release PalMod)
- Hasenclever, J., G. Knorr, L. Rüpke, P. Köhler, J. Morgan, K. Garofalo, S. Barker, G. Lohmann, I. R. Hall, 2017: Sea level fall during glaciation stabilized atmospheric CO2 by enhanced volcanic degassing. Nature comm. 8, 15867; doi:10.1038/ncomms15867 (link) (press release) (press release German)
- Stein, R., K. Fahl, P. Gierz, F. Niessen, and G. Lohmann, 2017: Arctic Ocean sea ice cover during the penultimate glacial and last interglacial. Nature comm. 8: 373. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00552-1 (link) (press release) (press release German)
- Lembke-Jene, L., R. Tiedemann, D. Nürnberg, X. Gong, G. Lohmann, 2018: A rapid shift and millennial-scale variations in Holocene North Pacific Intermediate Water ventilation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115 (21) 5365-5370. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714754115 (link). (press release German), (press release)
- Colleoni, F., L. De Santis, C. S. Siddoway, A. Bergamasco, N. Golledge, G. Lohmann, S. Passchier, and M. Siegert, 2018: Spatio-temporal variability of processes across Antarctic ice-bed-ocean interfaces. Nature comm. 9: 2289, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04583-0 (link), (pdf), (pdf of the Review Article) (German)
- Maier, E., X. Zhang, A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, S. Mulitza, M. Werner, M. Méheust, J. Ren, B. Chapligin, H. Meyer, R. Stein, R. Tiedemann, G. Lohmann, 2018: North Pacific freshwater events linked to glacial ocean circulation changes. Nature 559, 241–245. Doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0276-y (news and views) (link) (press release German), (press release)
- Werner, M., J. Jouzel, V. Masson-Delmotte, G. Lohmann, 2018: Reconciling glacial-interglacial changes of Antarctic water stable isotopes, ice sheet topography, and the isotopic paleothermometer. Nature comm. 9, 3537. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-05430-y (link) (German)
- Gong, X., L. Lembke-Jene, G. Lohmann, G. Knorr, R. Tiedemann, J. Zou, X. Shi, 2019: Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger Intermediate water formation during the Heinrich Stadial 1. Nature comm., 10, 656. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2 (link) (German)
- Klages, J.P., Salzmann, U., Bickert, T., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Gohl, K., Kuhn, G., Bohaty, S., Titschack, J., Müller, J., Frederichs, T., Bauersachs, T., Ehrmann, W., van de Flierdt, T., Simões Pereira, P., Larter, R.D., Lohmann, G., Niezgodzki, I., Uenzelmann-Neben, G., Zundel, M., Spiegel, C., Francis, J.E., Nehrke, G., Schwarz, F., Smith, J.A., Freudenthal, T., Esper, O., Pälike, H., Ronge, T., Dziadek, R., and the Science Team of Expedition PS104, 2020: Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth. Nature, 580, 81–86. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5 (link) (cover) (data) (model output) (press)
- Wang, X., B. Carrapa, Y. Sun, D. Dettman, J. Chapman, J. C. Rugenstein, M. Clementz, P. DeCelles, M. Wang, J. Chen, J. Quade, F. Wang, Z. Li, I. Oimuhammadzoda, M. Gadoev, X. Zhang, G. Lohmann, and F. Chen, 2020: The role of the westerlies and orography on Asian hydroclimate since the Late Oligocene. Geology 48 (7), 728-732. doi:10.1130/G47400.1 (link)
- Gowan, E.J., X. Zhang, S. Khosravi, A. Rovere, P. Stocchi, A. L. C. Hughes, R. Gyllencreutz, J. Mangerud, J. I. Svendsen, G. Lohmann, 2021: A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80,000 years. Nature comm. 12, 1199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21469-w, data (press release German) (press release English)
- Zhang, X., S. Barker, G. Knorr, G. Lohmann, Y. Sun, R. Drysdale, D. Hodell, F. Chen, 2021: Direct astronomical influence on abrupt climate variability. Nature Geo. 14, pages 819–826. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00846-6 (link) (pdf) (press)
- Knorr, G., S. Barker, X. Zhang, G. Lohmann, X. Gong, P. Gierz, C. Stepanek, L. Stap, 2021: A salty deep ocean as a prerequisite for glacial termination. Nature Geo, 14, 930–936. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00857-3 (link) (press) (press German)
- Feng, R., T. Bhattacharya, B. Otto-Bliesner, E. Brady, A. Haywood , J. Tindall, S. Hunter, A. Abe-Ouchi, W-L Chan, C. Contoux, C. Guo, X. Li, G. Lohmann, C. Stepanek, N. Tan, Q. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z.Han, J. R. Williams, D. J. Lunt, H. Dowsett, D. Chandan, W. R. Peltier, 2022: Past terrestrial hydroclimate sensitivity controlled by Earth System Feedbacks. Nature Communications. 13: 1306 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28814-7
- Pontes, G., A. Taschetto, A. Sen Gupta, A. Santoso, I. Wainer, A. Haywood, W.-L. Chan, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, S. Hunter, J. Tindall, M. Chandler, L. Sohl, D. Peltier, D. Chandan, Y. Kamae, K. Nisancioglu, Z. Zhang, C. Contoux, N. Tan, Q. Zhang, B. Otto-Bliesner, E. Brady, R. Feng, A. von der Heydt, M. Baatsen, A. Oldemann, 2022: Northward ITCZ shift drives reduced ENSO activity in the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period. Nature Geoscience DOI:10.1038/s41561-022-00999-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00999-y (Info) (press)
- Dong, J., X. Shi, X. Gong, Astakhov, A.S., Hu, L., Liu, X., Yang, G., Wang, Y., Vasilenko, Y., Qiao, S., Bosin, A., G. Lohmann, 2022: Enhanced Arctic sea ice melting controlled by larger heat discharge of Holocene rivers. Nature comm. 13, 5368. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33106-1
- Gowan, E.J., X. Zhang, S. Khosravi, A. Rovere, P. Stocchi, A. L. C. Hughes, R. Gyllencreutz, J. Mangerud, J. I. Svendsen, G. Lohmann, 2022: Reply to: Towards solving the missing ice problem and the importance of rigorous model data comparisons. Nature comm. 13, 6264, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33954-x
- Hörhold, M., Münch, T., Weißbach S., Kipfstuhl S., Freitag J., Sasgen I., Lohmann G., Vinther B. and T. Laepple, 2023: Exceptional temperatures in central-north Greenland ice cores. Nature, 613, 503–507. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05517-z https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05517-z (press German) (press)
- Guo, D., H Wang, V Romanovsky, A Haywood, N Pepin, J Sun, Q Yan, Z Zhang, X Li, B Otto-Bliesner, R Feng, G Lohmann, C Stepanek, A Abe-Ouchi, W-L Chan, W. R. Peltier, D. Chandan, A. von der Heydt, C. Contoux, M. Chandler, N Tan, Q Zhang, S Hunter, Y Kamae 2023: Highly restricted near-surface permafrost extent during the mid-Pliocene warm period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120 (36) e2301954120 doi:10.1073/pnas.2301954120 (press German) (press English)
- Jonkers, L., T. Laepple, M. C. Rillo, X. Shi, A. M. Dolman, G. Lohmann, A. Paul, A. Mix, and M. Kucera, 2023: Plankton biogeography shows strong meridional variation in ice age to modern ocean warming. Nat. Geosci., DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01328-7 (link) (news and views)
Books:
- Lohmann, G., 1996: Stability of the thermohaline circulation in analytical and numerical models, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Bremen (Germany), 128 pp. [ Reports on Polar Research 200, Alfred Wegener Institute Bremerhaven]. doi:10.2312/BzP_0200_1996 Abstract/Zusammenfassung
- Fischer, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Flöser, G., Miller, H., Storch, H.v., Negendank, J.F.W., 2004: Introduction to the KIHZ project, pp. v-vii. In: The climate in historical times: Toward a synthesis of Holocene proxy data and climate models, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York. Fischer, H.; Kumke, T.; Lohmann, G.; Flöser, G.; Miller, H.; Storch, H.v.; Negendank, J.F.W. (Eds.) link
- Lohmann, G., R. Treffeisen, A. Wagner, A. Kornmann, M. Weigelt, 2013a. Naturwissenschaftliche Perspektive der Klimawissenschaft 1, M12. Fernuniversität in Hagen. Umweltwissenschaften (infernum) der Fernuniversität Hagen link
- Lohmann, G., R. Treffeisen, A. Wagner, A. Kornmann, M. Weigelt, 2013b. Naturwissenschaftliche Perspektive der Klimawissenschaft 2, M12. Fernuniversität in Hagen. Umweltwissenschaften (infernum) der Fernuniversität Hagen link
- Lohmann, G., K. Grosfeld, D. Wolf-Gladrow, V. Unitan, J. Notholt, and A. Wegener (Eds.), 2013: "Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines. Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School". Series: SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, 2013, 138 p. 61 illus., 52 in color. ISBN: 978-3-642-32234-1 (Print) 978-3-642-32235-8 (Online) Springer, Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-32235-8; link link2
- Chirila, D., and G. Lohmann, 2015: Introduction to Modern Fortran for Earth System Sciences. 2015, XXII, 250 pages. 15 illus., 10 illus. in color. ISBN: 978-3-642-37008-3; Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. link
- Lohmann, G., H. Meggers, V. Unnithan, D. Wolf-Gladrow, J. Notholt, A. Bracher (eds.), Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science: Advances of a Helmholtz Research School. Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Germany. 2015, X, 251 pages, 83 illus. in color. ISBN 978-3-319-13864-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13865-7 (link)
- Lohmann, G., R. Treffeisen, K. Grosfeld, C. Danek, 2019a. Naturwissenschaftliche Perspektive der Klimawissenschaft 1, M12. Fernuniversität in Hagen. Umweltwissenschaften (infernum) der Fernuniversität Hagen ( link ) ( link FU Hagen)
- Lohmann, G., R. Treffeisen, K. Grosfeld, C. Danek, 2019b. Naturwissenschaftliche Perspektive der Klimawissenschaft 2, M12. Fernuniversität in Hagen. Umweltwissenschaften (infernum) der Fernuniversität Hagen link
Colleoni, F., L. De Santis, C. S. Siddoway, A. Bergamasco, N. Golledge, G. Lohmann, S. Passchier, and M. Siegert, 2018:
Spatio-temporal variability of processes across Antarctic ice-bed-ocean interfaces.
Nature comm. 9: 2289,
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04583-0
(link), (pdf),
(pdf of the Review Article)
(German)
Werner, M., J. Jouzel, V. Masson-Delmotte, G. Lohmann, 2018:
Reconciling glacial-interglacial changes of Antarctic water stable isotopes,
ice sheet topography, and the isotopic paleothermometer.
Nature comm. 9, 3537.
DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-05430-y
(link)
(German)
Gong, X., L. Lembke-Jene, G. Lohmann, G. Knorr, R. Tiedemann, J. Zou, X. Shi, 2019:
Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger Intermediate water formation during the Heinrich Stadial 1. Nature comm., 10, 656. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2
(link)
(German)
Zhang, X., S. Barker, G. Knorr, G. Lohmann, Y. Sun, R. Drysdale, D. Hodell, F. Chen, 2021:
Direct astronomical influence on abrupt climate variability. Nature Geo.
doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00846-6
(link)
(pdf)
(press)
A new study by Knorr et al. study provides a solution to this problem. With the aid of climate model simulations Knorr et al. show that a build-up of relatively warm (although still cold) and salty waters in the abyssal ocean during full glacial conditions might be responsible for the exaggerated warming observed across Antarctica associated with deglacial shifts in ocean circulation. When Atlantic Ocean circulation weakens abruptly, cold abyssal waters around Antarctica are preferentially transported upwards towards the surface where they reduce the tendency for surface warming to occur in response to the weakened circulation and associated reduction in the northward oceanic heat transport. If the deep waters are warmer, then the cooling effect will be reduced, allowing a greater degree of warming to occur at the surface and across Antarctica. Crucially for this mechanism to work, glacial deep waters must also be saltier, in order to offset the loss of density due to their warmer temperature. According to the new results, the mechanism can produce a doubling in the net rate of warming across Antarctica on a multi-centennial timescale. The authors argue that this helps to explain the enhanced warming observed during deglacial transitions. Therefore, they argue, deglacial shifts in ocean circulation are special because they tap into deep waters that are on average warmer (relative to intermediate depths) and saltier than at any other time during a glacial cycle.
Figure

Temperature difference between the glacial and interglacial anomalies in response to an AMOC weakening. Shown are conditions between model years 100 and 200 as a 100 year mean, zonally averaged in the Atlantic sector (modified from Fig. 5 in Knorr et al., 2021).
Knorr, G., Barker, S., Zhang, X., Lohmann, G., Gong, G., Gierz, P., Stepanek, C., L. B. Stap: A salty deep ocean as a prerequisite for glacial termination. Nature Geoscience 14, 930–936 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00857-3
Knorr, G., Barker, S., Zhang, X., Lohmann, G., Gong, G., Gierz, P., Stepanek, C., L. B. Stap: A salty deep ocean as a prerequisite for glacial termination. Nature Geoscience 14, 930–936 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00857-3
Abbildung

Differenz zwischen glazialen und interglazialen Temperatur-Anomalien die als Reaktion auf eine Abschwächung der AMOC im Ozean auftreten. Gezeigt werden hier Bedingungen zwischen den Modelljahren 100 und 200 als Mittel über 100 Jahre, zonal gemittelt über den atlantischen Sektor (angepasste Version der Abbildung 5 des Artikels von Knorr et al., 2021).
Knorr, G., Barker, S., Zhang, X., Lohmann, G., Gong, G., Gierz, P., Stepanek, C., L. B. Stap: A salty deep ocean as a prerequisite for glacial termination. Nature Geoscience 14, 930–936 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00857-3
Die warmen (El Niño) und kalten (La Niña) Ereignisse verursachen erhebliche Veränderungen der Wettermuster und der Ozeanzirkulation, was sich auf die Landwirtschaft, die Fischerei,
und eine Vielzahl anderer Phänomene auswirkt. Angesichts seiner ausgeprägten sozioökonomischen
Auswirkungen und der potenziellen Vorhersagbarkeit wird El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensiv erforscht. Ob und wie sich ENSO in Abhängigkeit von Treibhausgasen und anderen Einflüsse verändert, kann durch die Untersuchung des vergangenen, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Klimas mit Hilfe von Paläo-Rekonstruktionen, instrumentellen Aufzeichnungen, Theorie und numerischen Simulationen untersucht werden.
Speziell geht um die Frage der Eigenschaften von ENSO in einem wärmeren Klima, dem mittleren Pliozän, welches als ein potentielles Analogon für zukünftige warme Klimata betrachtet werden kann. Dieses wird in einem internationalen Modellvergleichsprojekt, bei dem das AWI seit Jahren aktiv beteiligt ist, untersucht. Die Modelle zeigen, dass ENSO im wärmeren Klima schwächer ist, und dass zur Erklärung dieses Verhaltens die nordwärtige Verschiebung der Inner-Tropischen Konvergenz Zone (engl. ITCZ) berücksichtigt werden muss. Vergangene und zukünftige Änderungen in ENSO stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der klimatologischen Position der ITCZ.
Pontes, G., A. Taschetto, A. Sen Gupta, A. Santoso, I. Wainer, A. Haywood, W.-L. Chan, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, S. Hunter, J. Tindall, M. Chandler, L. Sohl, D. Peltier, D. Chandan, Y. Kamae, K. Nisancioglu, Z. Zhang, C. Contoux, N. Tan, Q. Zhang, B. Otto-Bliesner, E. Brady, R. Feng, A. von der Heydt, M. Baatsen, A. Oldemann, 2022: Northward ITCZ shift drives reduced ENSO activity in the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period. Nature Geoscience DOI:10.1038/s41561-022-00999-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00999-y